Spirulina Variante De Consum

Spirulina Variante De Consum

- Spirulina se poate consuma in diferite variante:
In Suedia se consuma sub forma de spirulina piine cu calorii reduse (Henrikson, 1994) si index glicemic scazut, complexa, vitala datorita proteinelor vegetale (fara colesterol), adausul de spirulina pudra fiind de 0.5 %-1 %.

Spirulina Biscuiti	Spirulina Piine	Spirulina Dressing	Spirulina Suc	Spirulina Suplimente Nutritive

1 Becker, E.W. : Jakober, B. : Luft, D. : Schmulling, R.M. Clinical and biochemical evaluations of spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. Nutr-Rep-Int. Los Altos, Calif. : Geron-X, Inc. Apr 1986. v. 33 (4) p. 565-574.
- Studies have shown that Spirulina consumption during 4 weeks reduces serum cholesterol levels in human beings by 4.5% (Henrikson, 1994) and significantly reduces body weight by 1.4 +/- 0.4 Kg after four weeks (Becker, et al., 1986).
2 Mithieux G, Misery P, Magnan C, Pillot B, Gautier-Stein A, Bernard C, Rajas F, Zitoun C. Portal sensing of intestinal gluconeogenesis is a mechanistic link in the diminution of food intake induced by diet protein. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U449, Lyon, F-69372, France. Cell Metab. 2005 Nov;2(5):321-9.
3 Viollet B, Foretz M, Guigas B, Horman S, Dentin R, Bertrand L, Hue L, Andreelli F. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver: a new strategy for the management of metabolic hepatic disorders linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris 75014, France. J Physiol. 2006 Jul 1;574(Pt 1):41-53. Epub 2006 Apr 27.
4 Foretz M, Taleux N, Guigas B, Horman S, Beauloye C, Andreelli F, Bertrand L, Viollet B. Regulation of energy metabolism by AMPK: a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases Inserm U567, CNRS URM8104, Université Paris5, Institut Cochin, Département Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Cancer, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France. Med Sci (Paris). 2006 Apr;22(4):381-8.
5 In 1844, near the city of Montevideo, Wittrock and Nordstedt reported the presence of a helical, septal and green-blue microalgae named Spirulina jenneri f. platensis. But it was not until 1852, that the first taxonomic report written by Stizenberger, appeared. He gave this new genus the name Arthrospira based on the septa presence, helical form and multicellular structure. Gomont confirmed Stizenberger’s studies in 1892. This author attributed the aseptate form to the Spirulina genus, and the septal form to the Arthrospira genus. Geitler in 1932, because of the helical morphology, reunified the members of the two genera under the designation Spirulina without considering the septum presence only morphological similarity. In 1989, these microorganisms were classified into two genera, according to a suggestion by Gomont in 1892 (Castenholz and Waterbury, 1989); this classification is currently accepted (Tomaselli, et al., 1996; Vonshak and Tomaselli, 2000).
6 In 1827, P. J. Turpin isolated Spirulina from a fresh water sample (Ciferri, 1983)
- Gomont, M. (1892). Monographie des Oscillariées. Annales des sciences naturelles Botanique15, 263-368; 16, 91-264.
- In 1844, near the city of Montevideo, Wittrock and Nordstedt reported the presence of a helical, septal and green-blue microalgae named Spirulina jenneri f. platensis. But it was not until 1852, that the first taxonomic report written by Stizenberger, appeared. He gave this new genus the name Arthrospira based on the septa presence, helical form and multicellular structure. Gomont confirmed Stizenberger’s studies in 1892. This author attributed the aseptate form to the Spirulina genus, and the septal form to the Arthrospira genus. Geitler in 1932, because of the helical morphology, reunified the members of the two genera under the designation Spirulina without considering the septum presence only morphological similarity. In 1989, these microorganisms were classified into two genera, according to a suggestion by Gomont in 1892 (Castenholz and Waterbury, 1989); this classification is currently accepted (Tomaselli, et al., 1996; Vonshak and Tomaselli, 2000).
7 Tomaselli, L. 1997. Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima and Arthospira (Spirulina) platensis. In: Vonshak, A., Ed. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, cell-biology and biotechnology. Taylor and Francis. London. pp. 1 – 16.
- Spirulina and Arthrospira morphologies are differentiated fundamentally by: helix type, distribution of pores in the cell wall, visibility of septos under light microscopy, diameter and fragmentation type of Trichomes (filaments) (Guglielmi, et al., 1993; Vonshak and Tomaselli, 2000). As mentioned, S. maxima and S. platensis are the most important species in this genus and among these exist taxonomic differences in filaments, vacuoles and external cover or capsule regularity of each filament (Tomaselli, 1997).
- Guglielmi, G., Rippka, R., and Tandeau De Marsac, N. 1993. Main properties that justify the different taxonomic position of Spirulina sp. and Arthrospira sp. among cyanobacteria. In: Doumenge, F., Durand-Chastel, H., Toulemont, A., Eds. Spiruline algue de vie. Bulletin de l´Institut Océanographique Monaco. Musée Océanographique. Numéro spécial 12:13-23.
- Vonshak, A. 1997. Appendices. In: Vonshak, A., Ed. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell biology and Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis, London, Great Britain; pp. 213- 226.
8 Kerby, N., Niven, G., Rowell, P., and Steward, D. 1988. Amino acid production by cyanobacteria. In: Stadler, T., Mollion, J., Verdus, M.C., Karamanos, Y., Morvan, H., Eds. Algal.
- Chronakis, I.S. 2001. Gelation of edible blue-green algae protein isolates (Spirulina platensis): Thermal transitions, rheological properties, and molecular forces involved. Bioresour Technol. 77:19-24.
- Other products from microalgae are: amino acids (Kerby, et al., 1988)
9 Bulik, C. 1993. How the Spirulina, a green-blue alga, preserves de cell from degeneration, and extends youth and human lifespan. In: Doumenge, F., Durand-Chastel, H., Toulemont, A., Eds. Spiruline algue de vie.
10 Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. by Amha Belay and Yoshimichi Ota. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Appl. Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.
11 Spirulina contains g-linolenic acid, appropriate in treatment of atopic child eczema therapy; to alleviate premenstrual syndrome, and in immune system stimulation (Pascaud, 1993).
12 Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina. by N. Nayaka, et al. 1988. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int'l, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1329-1337. Japan.
- Effects of spirulina on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. by K. Iwata. 1990. Pub. in Journal Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 36:165-171. Japan.
- Effects of spirulina on hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver in rats. by T. Kato and K. Takemoto. 1984. Saitama Medical College. Pub. in Japan Nutr. Foods Assoc. Journal. 37:323. Japan.
- The effect of spirulina on reduction of serum cholesterol. by N. Nayaka, et al. 1986. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Progress in Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 11. Japan.
- Hypocholesterolemic effect of blue-green algae spirulina spirulina in albino rats. by M.A. Devi and L.V. Venkataraman. 1983. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int'l, 28:519-530. India.
- Effects of spirulina on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. by K. Iwata. 1990. Pub. in Journal Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 36:165-171. Japan.
13 Effect of water soluble and water insoluble fractions of spirulina over serum lipids and glucose resistance of rats. by Y. Takai, et al. 1991. Pub. in J. Japan Soc. Nutr. Food Science, 44:273-277. Japan.
14 Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with spirulina. by Babu, M. et al. 1995. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer, Vol. 24, No. 2, 197-202. India.
- Inhibition of experimental oral carcinogenesis by topical beta carotene. by Schwartz, et al. 1986. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Carcinogenesis, May 1986 7(5) 711-715. USA.
- Inhibitory effect of natural carotenoids on Epstein-Barr virus activation activity of a tumor promoter in Raji cells. A screening study for anti-tumor promoters. Tsushima M, Maoka T, Katsuyama M, Kozuka M, Matsuno T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Iwashima A. Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995
- Schwartz J, Shklar G. Regression of experimental hamster cancer by beta carotene and algae extracts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987 Jun;45(6):510-5.
- Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of spirulina-dunaliella algae. by J. Schwartz, G. Shklar, et al. 1988. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer 11, 127-134. 1988. USA.
15 Enhancement of endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of spirulina. by Qishen, P. et al. 1988. Pub. in Chinese Genetics Journal 15 (5) 374-381. China.
- Inhibitive effect and mechanism of polysaccharide of spirulina on transplanted tumor cells in mice. by Lisheng, et al. 1991. Pub. in Marine Sciences, Qingdao, N.5. pp 33-38. China.
- Immunostimulating activity of lipopolysaccharides from blue-green algae. by L. Besednova, et al. 1979. Pub. in Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, Immunobiologii, 56(12) pp 75-79. Russia.
16 Hirahashi T, Matsumoto M, Hazeki K, Saeki Y, Ui M, Seya T. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. International Immunopharmacology. 2002;2(4):423-434.
17 Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis). by Seyoum Ayehunie(1), Amha Belay (2), Timothy Baba(1,3) and Ruth Ruprecht(1). (1) Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; (2) Earthrise Farms, Calipatria, CA; (3) Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. Pub. in Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 18:7-12. USA 1998.
- Glycolipids isolated from spirulina. by N. Kataoka, et al. 1983. Pub. in Agric. Biol. Chem. 47(10), 2349-2355. Japan.
- AIDS Antiviral sulfolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). by K. Gustafson, et al. August 16, 1989. Pub. in Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
81(16) pg. 1254. USA. Sulfoglycolipids from blue-green algae exhibit strong antiviral properties. Helper T-cells exposed to blue-green algae-sulfoglycolipids were protected from HIV-1 infection in in vitro studies.
- Antiviral activity of blue-green algae cultures. by Patterson. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Phycology 29, 125-130. USA.
- An extract from spirulina is a selective inhibitor of herpes simplex virus Type 1 Penetration into HeLa Cells. by Hayashi et al. 1993. Pub. in Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 7. 76-80. Japan.
- Immunomodulary effects of spirulina supplementation in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. May 1995. North Carolina State. Pub. in Proc. of 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp 117-120. USA.
18 Spirulina also has a positive effect on wounds cure (Richmond, 1992).
- Antimicrobial activity of Spirulina. (Gerwick, et al., 1987)
- Antifungal, antineoplastic (Moore, et al., 1984; Clardy, et al., 1990)
19 Spirulina: anti-arthritic effect due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of phycocyanin (Ramirez, et al., 2002)
- Mediators Inflamm. 2002 Apr;11(2):75-9. Inhibitory effects of Spirulina in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Merino N, Rodriguez S, Ancheta O. Ozone International Center, Havana, Cuba.
20 Phycocyanin shows activity on vegetable cell cultures with production of secondary metabolites as anthocyanin (Ramachandra, et al., 1996).
- This pigment has the ability to inhibit oxidative damage in DNA and hence it may be used as a therapeutic agent (Bhat, et al., 2001).
21 GONZÁLEZ, R., ROMAY, C.1999. Phycocyanin extract reduces leukotriene B4 levels in arachidonic acid-induced mouse-ear inflammation test. J Pharm. Pharmacol. 51:641-642
22 Spirulina arthrospira platensis contains vitamin A, important in preventing eye diseases.
- Mares-Perlman et al., "Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Diet and Serum and Their Relation to Age-Related Maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey," American Journal of Epidemiology, 2001, Vol. 153, No. 5, pgs. 424-432.
- The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):518S-524S.
23 Availability of iron to rats from spirulina, a blue-green algae. by P. Johnson and E. Shubert. 1986. Pub. in Nutrition Research Vol 6, 85-94. USA.
- Iron transfer from spirulina to blood in rats. by K. Takemoto, et al. 1982. Saitama Medical College. Japan.
- Clinical experiences of administration of spirulina to patients with hypochronic anemia. by T. Takeuchi, et al. 1978. Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ. Japan
- Availability of iron to rats from spirulina, a blue-green algae. by P. Johnson and E. Shubert. 1986. Pub. in Nutrition Research Vol 6, 85-94. USA.
24 Effect of spirulina on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin. by H. Fukino, et al. 1990. Pub. in Eisei Kagaku, 36:5, 1990. Japan.
- The effect of spirulina on nephrotoxicity in rats. by Y. Yamane, et al. 1988. Chiba Univ. Presented at Annual Symposium of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, April 15, 1988. Japan.
- Effect of chlorella, spirulina and chlorophyllin on fecal excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats. by K. Morita, et al. Pub. in Japan Journal Toxicology Environ. Health. 43 (1) 42-47 1997. Japan.
25 Observations on the utilization of spirulina as an adjuvant nutritive factor in treating some diseases accompanied by a nutritional deficiency.
by V. Fica, et al. 1984. Clinica II Medicala, Spitalui Clinic, Bucuresti. Med. Interna 36 (3). Romania. (in Romanian).
- Spirulina algae also has a positive effect on Parkinson`s disease, (Richmond A, 1992; Fox, 1993, Fox, 1998; Thein,1993)
26 Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina.
by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486. Jan. 15, 1994. Russia.
27 Yang HN, Lee EH, Kim HM. Spirulina platensis inhibits anaphylactic reaction. Life Sci 1997;61(13):1237-1244.
28 Effects of spirulina on caecum content in rats. by Y. Tokai, et al. 1987. Chiba Hygiene College Bulletin. Feb. 1987 Vol. 5, No. 2. Japan.
29 Dasgupta T et al. Chemomodulation of carcinogen metabolising enzymes, antioxidant profiles and skin and forestomach papillomagenesis by Spirulina platensis. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;226:27-38.
- Zhang HQ et al. Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001;22:1121-4.
- Mathew B et al. Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Nutr Cancer 1995;24:197-202.
30 Effectiveness of spirulina algae as food for children with protein-energy malnutrition in a tropical environment. by P. Bucaille. 1990. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Oct. 1990. Zaire. (in French).
- The study on curative effect of zinc containing spirulina for zinc deficient children. by Wen Yonghuang, et al. 1994. Capital Medical College, Beijing. Presented at 5th Int'l Phycological Congress, Qingdao, June 1994. China.
- Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga. by C.V. Seshadri. 1993. All India Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras, India.
- Bioavailability of spirulina carotenes in preschool children. by V. Annapurna, et al. 1991. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India. J. Clin. Biochem Nutrition. 10 145-151. India.
31 Microalgae as Food and Supplement by Robert A. Kay. 1991. In Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutr. 30(6):555-573. Pub. by CRC Press. USA.
- Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. by Amha Belay and Yoshimichi Ota. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Appl. Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.
- Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. by Alan Jassby. 1988. In Algae and Human Affairs. edited by Lembi and Waaland. Pub. by Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
Spirulina, the edible organism. by Orio Ciferri. 1983. In Microbiological Reviews, Dec 1983. 551-578. Italy.
Algoculture: Spirulina, hope for a hungry world. by Ripley D. Fox. 1986. Pub. by Edisud, Aix-en-Province, France (in French).
32 Since 1970, Spirulina arthrospira platensis has been analyzed chemically. It has been shown to be an excellent source of proteins, vitamins and minerals (Switzer, 1980).

Spirulina Literatura

The Spirulina Diet
by Saundra Howard.ISBN 0-8184-0335-7.1982. Pub. by Lyle Stuart, Secacus, NJ. USA

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